THE VITAMIN C FANATICS WERE RIGHT ALL ALONG
Death by medicine
Licensed to kill - facts the drug firms conceal  
vaccinations and immunization
The cure for cancer was covered up
The Third Element of the Blood
pH Values of Various Foods 
WHY SUGAR IS TOXIC TO THE BODY
FLUORIDE FANTASIES
LAginine ver Aspirin
New study puts hospital error death rate at twice IOM's total
Quackwatch and the Quackery of
Conventional Medicine
A Psychological / Spiritual Approach To Cancer
Cancer Loves Sugar
Chemotherapy quotes
On the Science of Essential Nutrients
Acupuncture Shown to Relieve Post-Op Nausea -Study
The life of Linus Pauling
Food Aditives
How and When to Be Your Own Doctor
The Analysis of Disease States:
Helping the Body Recover
The Nature and Cause of Disease
Cancer: Causes, Prevention and Treatment
../articles by Dr. H.A. Sartori
Metabolic Imbalances
Hetero compounds sorted by chemical formula
The Hidden Hazards of Microwave Cooking

This article has a lot to do with health
Although our main interest is in the anti aging and health properties of argine
This article can be found on the web…
Should you Replace your Daily Aspirin with Arginine?

On the advice of their physicians, millions of Americans, encouraged by massive advertising and the apparent government stamp of approval, are taking an aspirin a day to keep a heart attack away. Is this the best advice orthodox medicine has to offer? An explosion of recent research, stemming from the 1998 Nobel prize in medicine, now strongly supports the idea that there are better; safer and more effective alternatives to aspirin for preventing heart attacks and extending life.
The recent research into Nitric Oxide (NO), a short-lived free radical that the human body can create out of arginine, an essential amino acid, lead not only to the prescription impotence drug Viagra®, but also to the finding that arginine, like aspirin and many other substances, can act as a very potent blood anticoagulant. Thus arginine, like aspirin and other substances, may prevent Myocardial Infarction (MI) AKA heart attack.
Arginine vs. Aspirin
L-Arginine, an amino acid, is possibley essential to our diet and required for life, has as yet no known toxicity. Arginine has been shown to stimulate the body's production of Human Growth Hormone (HGH) by the pituitary gland, probably by blocking the secretion of HGH inhibitor somatostatin. It increases the body's ability to produce Nitric Oxide when needed, and restores sexual function in impotent men. Studies have shown that oral arginine boosts immunity, fights cancer, promotes healing, protects and detoxifies the liver, improves thymus function, enhances male fertility and is the precursor of the non-essential amino acid ornithine.[1]
Aspirin on the other hand is not always safe and there are no studies that show taking plain aspirin extends life. Linus Pauling pointed out in 1986 that "Aspirin, like other salicylates, has the property that in concentrated solution can attack and dissolve tissues. An aspirin in the stomach may attach to the stomach wall and cause a bleeding ulcer." [2] A recent report from the Boston University school of Medicine confirms that aspirin can irritate the stomach lining, sometimes causing severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding and, in rare instances, death. [3,4].
The Aspirin Trials
Given the potentially serious health concerns surrounding aspirin, why is this substance being heralded as a miracle drug in the fight against heart disease and worthy of the U. S. Government's stamp of approval? One reason is that aspirin is readily available over-the-counter; another reason is that one of aspirin's many properties is the inhibition of platelet clumping. Less clumping might mean fewer blood clots resulting in fewer heart attacks. Medical correspondent Wayne Martin writing in the Townsend Letter explains the Platelet Adhesiveness Index (PAI) test:
" At the National Heart Hospital in London circa 1970, they were using a test for platelet adhesion and the results were stated as PAI, platelet Adhesiveness index. In this test a blood sample was taken and a platelet count was made. Then a second blood sample was taken and this time the blood was passed over glass beads. If half the platelets stuck to the beads, PAI was 50. Patients who had survived a heart attack would have PAI of 50 and hence were considered to be at risk of death from a second heart attack. Young women who never suffer from Myocardial Infarction (MI) have PAI of 20 yet they will have proper blood clots in wounds.
At the National Heart Hospital, in the years 1960 to 1965, they did a PAI test on every patient to come to this hospital and they never found a single patient with PAI less than 40. They felt anyone with a PAI of less than 40 was not going to have a heart attack. Put another way, they felt that the great problem about MI was one of blood clots in coronary arteries.
The idea of testing for PAI never came to the USA. [5]
Because aspirin will reduce blood clotting, clinical trials were launched to find out whether aspirin may benefit heart patients. These trials have mixed results, none showing longer life; but two recent studies concluded that aspirin is a "life saver" because it cut down the number of non-fatal heart attacks, especially second heart attacks in the aspirin group.
Wayne Martin's interpretation of these trials:
" In 1980 cardiologists resurrected platelets and blood clots as a cause of Myocardial Infarction (MI) deaths - and told everyone over 40 to take aspirin to prevent having a heart attack. One factor in the prevention of MI is the Adhesiveness of platelets as the greater the adhesion of platelets the greater the chance of having a coronary blood clot.
Then came a series of trials on aspirin for the prevention of MI. There were in the 1970s two trials in England that were failures. No benefit or very slight benefit was found for aspirin in the prevention of MI. This was followed by a much larger US government-financed trial in the USA and reported in 1980. This trial was an abject failure with much bleeding of the stomach due to aspirin and no benefit at all in the prevention of MI.
Doctors felt that the case could be made for aspirin if only doctors were the subjects. A trial in England among doctors was again a failure, however a larger trial among doctors in the USA was hailed as a great success. In this American trial, non-fatal heart attacks were reduced by 40%. The bad news however, was that fatal heart attacks were not reduced and moreover overall survival was not increased. Nonetheless as the result of this trial, it was suggested or even demanded that all men over 40 should be taking aspirin.
There was something a bit different about this trial among doctors in the USA. Bufferin was used and Bufferin contains both aspirin and some magnesium. Magnesium is greatly beneficial to the heart. It reduces platelet adhesion, is a vasodilator and is a potent antiarrhythmic agent. [5]
The authors of The Arginine Solution, Robert Fried, Ph.D. and Woodson Merrell, MD, summarize the aspirin research this way:
" The results of the physician study, which were published in 1997 in The New England Journal of Medicine, concluded that a daily aspirin does indeed have a significant impact on heart health, lowering the risk of heart disease and heart attacks. Other researchers have also shown that aspirin can slash the risk of a second heart attack in patients who have already suffered a first heart attack. And because unchecked platelet clumping has also been implicated as one cause for chronic high blood pressure, aspirin and other anticoagulants may help in the treatment of hypertension as well.
" Unfortunately, many of these anticoagulant drugs, aspirin included, can have pernicious side effects for many patients, side effects that can range from serious stomach bleeding to kidney damage. Indeed, further analysis of the same landmark physician study itself found that those doctors in a control group who received a placebo instead of aspirin had the same overall incidence of death as those who received the aspirin.[2]
Surprisingly, Fried and Merrell question the validity of the claim that aspirin takers enjoy such a comparative reduction of heart disease and heart attacks:
" Well it turns out that physicians on aspirin increased their odds of another, often fatal condition: hemorrhagic stroke, that is, unchecked bleeding into the brain. This kind of stroke is a prime example of where you need some protective blood clotting, but the anticoagulants have turned of the capacity to do so".[2]
There Are Many Alternatives to Aspirin
Although aspirin apparently reduces the incidence of blood clots that lead to heart attack, much safer substances are known that work equally well or better:
" There are all kinds of things other than aspirin that reduce PAI, one of which is the drug dipyridamole. Here mention will be made of the European Stroke Prevention Study. About 90% of strokes are thrombotic strokes, blood clots in blood vessels in the brain. This trial had as subjects patients who had had an indication of a stroke. First aspirin alone was used with little or no benefit. Then dipyridamole was added to treatment, 300 mg a day and the results were outstanding. Stroke deaths were reduced by 50%, heart attack deaths by 35% and cancer deaths by 25%.
There are many things that reduce PAI better than aspirin. Vitamin E at 400 iu a day will, as will Vitamin B6 at over 40 mg day. There was an editorial in The Lancet a few years ago on how anti-thrombic is vitamin B6 at over 40 Mg. So is fish oil. This is the omega-3 fatty acid that we have been hearing so much about of late. Then recently, from the University of Wisconsin, comes a report that purple grape juice at 10 oz. a day will reduce PAI better than aspirin. It has been suggested that gamma linolenic acid in evening primrose oil will reduce PAI better than anything else. Also the oils of onion and garlic will reduce PAI. Ground ginger also is greatly effective in reducing PAI and like aspirin, it will reduce pain. It is highly anti-inflammatory. It is a sad state of affairs that doctors in the USA have gotten most men over 40 taking aspirin while not setting up a test to see if it is in fact reducing PAI. [5]
Arginine Derived NO Mediates Platelet Adhesiveness
One of the great discoveries stemming from the recent NO research is that the amino acid arginine may share an ability to prevent blood clots with aspirin, without any known risks. Scientists now think that NO derived from arginine regulates whether or not blood platelets clump together. If platelets were always clumping, The entire circulatory system would grind to a sludgy halt. Whenever a blood vessel suffers an injury, platelets clump together blocking blood from seeping out of the artery until the damage can be repaired. Clumps or clots that block coronary arteries can cause a heart attack. Something has to trigger clumping when it's called for, while inhibiting it when there is no need. It turns out that a number of blood-borne chemicals are released when an injury occurs that can alter electrical charges, and these chemicals determine whether or not platelets will repel or attract. According to Fried and Merrill, nature's elegant solution for regulating whether platelet's clump relies on the free radical Nitric Oxide (NO) made available in the body from arginine. [2]
" The good news is that researchers have found another "blood thinning" approach that is equally effective in controlling platelet aggregation, but without the side-effects of conventional anticoagulants from aspirin to leech saliva. This discovery came after Drs. M. W. Radomski, R. M. J. Palmer and Salvador Monacada learned that platelets themselves contain their own form of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, which lets them create NO from arginine. [2]
Researchers now say that supplemental arginine can also help the hypertensive patient's remaining undamaged endothelial cells produce additional NO to keep arteries open and to prevent platelets from clumping and sticking to vessel walls. In 1994, researchers at the Hanover Medical School in Germany reported that intravenous arginine resulted in a 33 percent decrease in platelet aggregation - very impressive results. Moreover, the researchers concluded that arginine inhibits platelet aggregation specifically "by enhancing nitric oxide formation." [2]
In Theory, Aspirin may Aggravate Atherosclerosis
According to the Linus Pauling/Matthias Rath Unified Theory of cardiovascular disease, the primary cause of heart disease is a vitamin C deficiency. This deficiency leads to an inability to manufacture sufficient collagen, which causes blood vessel weakness and instability. Collagen is a basic animal protein that provides structural integrity analogous to the function of cellulose in plants. Blood vessel instability from a lack of collagen leads to lesions or wounds in the arterial wall, especially where blood pressure is high and mechanical stresses are great. Plaque forms as a healing response to these wounds.
It has long been known that taking aspirin increases one's requirement for vitamin C. Vitamin C molecules are used up detoxifying the body, so taking aspirin may lead to lower blood and tissue levels of vitamin C. According to Irwin Stone in 1976:
Certain drugs, such as aspirin, cortisone, and other anti-inflammatory agents, and cinchophen, are known to provoke ulcers and gastric hemorrhage. This is especially the case when a deficiency of ascorbic acid [vitamin C] is present. In animal experiments, the administration of ascorbic acid along with the toxic drug reduced the incidence of peptic ulcer and gastric hemorrhage to such an extent that it prompted one author (Aron) to suggest, "Therefore it would seem judicious in human therapeutics to include ascorbic acid in every prescription for an anti-inflammatory drug"[6].
Aspirin's ability to dissolve human tissues would seem to make this substance contraindicated in atherosclerotic patients. If Pauling and Rath are correct and the lack of vitamin C causes heart disease, and if aspirin can cause blood vessel lesions, and finally, if the body uses its vitamin C stores to "fight" the toxic effects of aspirin, then taking aspirin may be the last thing a heart patient should do.
Arginine May be the Best Alternative
Most authorities now accept the proposition that heart attack is not generally a problem of arterial occlusion; rather MI is a problem of blockage. The problem with occlusion is that blockages are more likely in arteries narrowed by atherosclerosis. When platelet adhesiveness increases, the risk of heart attack rises. Nitric Oxide causes arteries to dilate and blood pressure to drop. Interestingly, the research shows that atherosclerosis interferes with the ability of endothelial cells to make NO, so clotting is more likely when atherosclerotic plaque is present. If a blood clot is the reason for the blockage, thinning the blood with an anti-coagulating agent may be of significant value. The discovery that NO derived from arginine regulates blood coagulation at the platelet level is important. Arginine has been shown to have the same anti-clotting ability as aspirin, but not continuously, only when needed, i.e., when chemicals associated with injury are released into the blood stream. Aspirin's health risk is that this substance may unconditionally prevent blood coagulation, even when clotting is called for, e.g., to prevent a stroke. Furthermore, aspirin's known characteristic of dissolving tissue may not be limited to the stomach. If aspirin causes arterial lesions, then it would be a contributing factor in atherosclerosis.
The Final Word from Linus Pauling
While rethinking your daily aspirin, please consider these remarks made by the late chemist and medical researcher Linus Pauling writing in HOW TO LIVE LONGER AND FEEL BETTER:
" It is drugs, especially the analgesics and antipyretics such as aspirin, that are responsible for most of the five thousand deaths by poisoning that occur each year in the United States. Of that mournful total about twenty-five hundred are children. About four hundred of these children die each year of poisoning by aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and some other salicylate. Aspirin and similar drugs are sold openly, without prescription. They are considered to be exceptionally safe substances. The fatal dose is 0.4 to 0.5 gm per kilogram body weight: that is 5 to 10 gm for a child, 20 to 30 g for an adult."
" Aspirin has been in use as a nonprescription drug, sold casually over the counter, for more than a century before the physiological basis of its pain killing and fever-reducing action was discovered in 1971. Then it was found that aspirin acts upon a central hormonal control system in the body. If it were now coming on to the market from a pharmaceutical laboratory, it would be surely placed under the constraint of prescription.
" Some people show a severe sensitivity to aspirin, such that a decrease in circulation of the blood and difficulty in breathing follow the ingestion of 0.3 g to 1 g (one to three tablets.)
" The symptoms of mild aspirin poisoning are burning pain in the mouth, throat and abdomen. Difficult in breathing, lethargy, vomiting, ringing in the ears, and dizziness. More severe poisoning leads to delirium, fever, sweating, incoordination, coma, convulsions, cyanosis (blueness of the skin), failure of kidney function, respiratory failure, and death.
" Aspirin, like other salicylates, has the property than in concentrated solution it can attack and dissolve tissues. An aspirin in the stomach may attach the stomach wall and cause the development of a bleeding ulcer.
" The U. S. Centers for Disease Control have reported that if children and teenagers suffering from influenza or chicken pox are given aspirin they have a fifteen to twenty-five times greater chance of developing Reye's syndrome, an acute encelphalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera, causing death in about 40 percent of the patients." [2]
Should you decide, in consultation with your physician, to replace your daily aspirin with 3-6 grams of oral arginine, you may notice some other interesting effects as well. One effect in particular may negate the need for men to spend upwards of $10 on a Viagra pill.

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Arginine (L-arginine)
Natural Standard® Patient Monograph, Copyright © 2008 (www.naturalstandard.com). All Rights Reserved. Commercial distribution prohibited. This monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. You should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Background
Synonyms
Evidence
Dosing
Safety
Methodology
Selected references

back to top Background

L-arginine was first isolated in 1886. In 1932, scientists learned that L-arginine is needed to create urea, a waste product that is necessary for toxic ammonia to be removed from the body. In 1939, researchers discovered that L-arginine is also needed to make creatine. Creatine breaks down into creatinine at a constant rate, and it is cleared from the body by the kidneys.

Arginine is considered a semi-essential amino acid because even though the body normally makes enough of it, supplementation is sometimes needed. For example, people with protein malnutrition, excessive ammonia production, excessive lysine intake, burns, infections, peritoneal dialysis, rapid growth, urea synthesis disorders, or sepsis may not have enough arginine. Symptoms of arginine deficiency include poor wound healing, hair loss, skin rash, constipation, and fatty liver.

Arginine changes into nitric oxide, which causes blood vessel relaxation (vasodilation). Early evidence suggests that arginine may help treat medical conditions that improve with vasodilation, such as chest pain, clogged arteries (called atherosclerosis), coronary artery disease, erectile dysfunction, heart failure, intermittent claudication/peripheral vascular disease, and blood vessel swelling that causes headaches (vascular headaches). Arginine also triggers the body to make protein and has been studied for wound healing, bodybuilding, enhancement of sperm production (spermatogenesis), and prevention of wasting in people with critical illnesses.

Arginine hydrochloride has a high chloride content and has been used to treat metabolic alkalosis. This use should be under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

In general, most people do not need to take arginine supplements because the body usually produces enough.

back to top Synonyms

2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, Arg, arginine, arginine hydrochloride (intravenous formulation), dipeptide arginyl aspartate, HeartBars, ibuprofen-arginate, L-arg, L-arginine, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, Sargenor, Spedifen?.

Note : Arginine vasopressin is different from arginine/L-arginine, with an entirely different mechanism. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine is different from arginine/L-arginine, and functions as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis.

back to top Evidence
These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Uses based on scientific evidence Grade*
Growth hormone reserve test / pituitary disorder diagnosis
Arginine can be injected to measure growth hormone levels in people who might have growth hormone deficiencies, such as panhypopituitarism, gigantism, acromegaly, or pituitary adenoma. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved this use. A

Inborn errors of urea synthesis
In patients with inborn errors of urea synthesis, high ammonia levels in the blood and metabolic alkalosis may occur, particularly among patients with ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) deficiencies or carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) deficiencies. Arginine may help treatment by shifting the way the body processes nitrogen. Arginine should be avoided in patients with hyperargininemia (high arginine levels). Other drugs, such as citrulline, sodium benzoate, or sodium phenylbutyrate, may have similar benefits. However, dialysis may be needed at first. This use of arginine should be supervised by a qualified healthcare professional. A

Coronary artery disease / angina
Early evidence from several studies suggests that arginine taken by mouth or by injection may improve exercise tolerance and blood flow in arteries of the heart. Benefits have been shown in some patients with coronary artery disease and chest pain (called angina). However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and to develop safe and effective doses. B

Critical illness
Some studies suggest that arginine may be beneficial for people with critical or life-threatening illnesses when it is added to nutritional supplements. However, it is unclear what the specific role of arginine is in recovery. Because of the potential for harm, large doses of arginine should be avoided. B

Heart failure
Studies of arginine in patients with chronic heart failure have shown mixed results. Some studies report improved exercise tolerance. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings. B

Migraine headache
Early studies suggest that adding arginine to ibuprofen (e.g., Motrin? or Advil?) therapy may decrease migraine headache pain. B

Peripheral vascular disease / claudication
Intermittent claudication causes leg pain and tiredness because cholesterol plaques or clots develop in leg arteries and block blood flow. A small number of studies report that arginine therapy may improve walking distance in patients with claudication. Further research is needed. B

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that is characterized by the loss of fatty coverings (myelin sheaths) on nerve fibers in the brain and progressive destruction of the adrenal glands. This condition results in dementia and adrenal failure. Injections of arginine may help manage this disorder, although most study results are inconclusive. Further research is needed to evaluate the use of arginine in ALD. C

Anal fissures
Early studies suggest that arginine may help treat chronic anal fissures, which are small tears that develop in the anus. Additional studies are needed. C

Autonomic failure
Arginine has been studied in autonomic failure, a condition that may include low blood pressure, but the effect is unclear. Well-designed studies will help clarify this relationship. C

Breast cancer
It is unclear if arginine can help treat breast cancer patients. Results from early human studies are mixed. High-quality studies are needed. C

Burns
Arginine may improve immune function and protein function in burn patients. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be drawn. C

Chemotherapy adjuvant
Early human studies suggest that arginine supplements may be beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Larger, high-quality studies are needed. C

Chest pain (non-cardiac)
Small studies in humans suggest that arginine taken by mouth (not injected) may improve non-cardiac chest pain associated with esophageal motor disorders. Large, well-designed studies are needed. C

Circulation problems (critical limb ischemia)
Early human studies suggest that intravenous arginine may increase blood flow in patients with critical limb ischemia. This condition occurs when blood flow to the arms and/or legs is blocked. Large, well-designed trials are needed. C

Dental pain (ibuprofen arginate)
Some research suggests that ibuprofen-arginate (Spedifen?) may reduce pain after dental surgery faster or more effectively than ibuprofen (e.g., Motrin? or Advil?) alone. More research is needed in this area. C

Diabetes (Type 1/Type 2)
Early studies in humans suggest that arginine supplements may decrease the severity of diabetes. Large, well-designed studies are needed to understand this relationship. C

Diabetic complications
Early studies in humans suggest that arginine supplements may help the body fight some long-term complications of diabetes, including heart disease and nerve damage. Well-designed studies are needed. C

Erectile dysfunction
Early studies have shown that arginine supplements may help treat erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with low nitrate levels in their blood or urine. A combination of L-arginine, glutamate, and yohimbine hydrochloride has been used to treat ED. However, because a combination product was used, and yohimbine hydrochloride is an FDA-approved therapy for this condition, the effects of arginine alone are unknown. More research is needed with arginine alone. C

Gastrointestinal cancer surgery
A combination of arginine and omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the length of hospital stays and infections after surgery in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Other research suggests that arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and glutamine may boost the immune system and reduce inflammation after surgery. More research with arginine alone is needed. C

Heart protection during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Arginine-supplemented "blood cardioplegic solution" may help protect the heart. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn. C

High blood pressure
Early study in humans suggests that arginine taken by mouth may help widen the arteries and temporarily reduce blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. Larger, high-quality studies are needed before a recommendation can be made. C

High cholesterol
Some research suggests that arginine may help treat or prevent high cholesterol. More research is needed. C

Immunomodulator
Early study results suggest that arginine supplementation may boost the immune response elicited by the pneumonia vaccine in older people. More studies are needed to confirm these results. C

Intrauterine growth retardation
Early studies in pregnant mothers suggest that arginine supplements may improve growth in fetuses that are smaller than average. Additional studies are needed. C

Kidney disease or failure
Study results are mixed as to whether arginine as a therapy by itself directly helps certain kidney diseases or failure. Arginine may be a helpful adjunct for kidney disease related conditions such as anemia in the elderly. Additional research is needed in this area. C

MELAS syndrome
Early studies have found that long-term supplementation with L-arginine significantly improved endothelial function in patients with MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke). Further research is merited in this area. C

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Study results of arginine supplementation after myocardial infarction (heart attack) are mixed. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made. A cardiologist and pharmacist should be consulted before arginine supplements are taken. C

Pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure in pregnancy)
Early study suggests that long-term supplementation with L-arginine may decrease blood pressure that is too high in pregnant women. Arginine may also improve fetal health and growth during pre-eclampsia . Further research is needed to confirm these results. C

Pressure ulcers
Studies of arginine for pressure ulcers show mixed results. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be drawn. C

Prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Arginine has been injected in patients who had stents surgically inserted into arteries in order to widen them. Early research suggests that this therapy may help prevent the arteries from becoming narrow again (called restenosis). Additional studies are needed. C

Raynaud's phenomenon
Early study in humans has looked at the effect of arginine on blood vessel activity in Reynaud's phenomenon, a condition that causes the blood vessels in the fingers, toes, nose, and ears to narrow in response to cold temperatures or stress. However, the effects of arginine are not clear. Large, well-designed trials are needed. C

Recovery after surgery
Early study suggests that arginine may provide benefits when used as a supplement after surgery. However, the role of arginine in this condition is unclear. More research is needed to determine if this is safe and effective. C

Respiratory infections
Early study suggests that arginine supplements may decrease the risk of respiratory (lung) infections. Large, well-controlled studies are needed to clarify this relationship. C

Senile dementia
There is not enough information available to make a strong recommendation about the use of arginine in senile dementia. C

Transplants
Dietary supplementation with L-arginine and canola oil has been associated with decreased rejection rates after the first month in kidney transplant patients. Because it may reduce the risk of heart problems, long-term benefits for patient survival may be particularly important. Further research is needed to confirm these results. C

Wound healing
Arginine has been suggested to improve the rate of wound healing in the elderly. Research has shown that an enteral diet supplemented with arginine and fiber improved wound healing after surgery in patients with head and neck cancer. Arginine has also been applied to the skin in order to improve wound healing. Further research is necessary in this area before a firm conclusion can be drawn. C

Altitude sickness
Based on early research, L-arginine supplementation is not an effective therapy to prevent acute mountain sickness (AMS). D

Cyclosporine toxicity
Animal studies report that arginine blocks the poisonous (toxic) effects of cyclosporine, a drug used to prevent organ transplant rejection. However, results from studies in humans have not found that arginine offers any protection from cyclosporine-induced toxicity. D

Exercise performance
Overall, currently available study results conclude that arginine supplementation does not improve exercise performance. D

Infertility
Although there are several studies in this area, it is not clear what effects arginine has on improving the likelihood of getting pregnant. Early evidence does not support the use of arginine as a fertility treatment in women who are undergoing in vitro fertilization or in men with abnormal sperm. D

Interstitial cystitis
Arginine has been proposed as a treatment for interstitial cystitis or inflammation of the bladder. However, most human studies have not found that arginine improves symptoms, such as urinary frequency or urgency. D

Kidney protection during angiography
The contrast media, or dye, used during angiography to map a patient's arteries (or during some CT scans) can be poisonous (toxic) to the kidneys, especially among people with kidney disease. Researchers have studied L-arginine as a way to protect the kidneys in patients with long-term kidney failure who were undergoing angiography. The authors found no evidence that injections of L-arginine protect the kidney from damage due to contrast. D

Asthma
Although it has been suggested that arginine may treat asthma, studies in humans have actually found that arginine worsens inflammation in the lungs and contributes to asthma symptoms. Therefore, taking arginine by mouth or by inhalation is not recommended in people with asthma.
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/l-arginine/NS_patient-arginine

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